2024 Corporate Aviation Leadership Summit

While autonomous flight innovator Xwing is convinced that remotely operated aircraft are set to make a relatively quick and positive impact on the air freight business, the company believes it will take a lot longer to make this fundamental switch for passenger-carrying flights. Addressing the recent Electric Aircraft Symposium organized by the Vertical Flight Society, the company’s chief compliance and quality officer, Earl Lawrence, maintained that its plans to operate converted Cessna 208B Grand Caravans without pilots on board will transform the economics of the delivery industry. But&nbsp;he emphasized that passengers aren’t ready to accept autonomous flights any time soon.
Xwing’s plan is to control fleets of aircraft with operators supervising multiple flights simultaneously in ground stations. To prepare for this model to be approved by the FAA, the California-based start-up has acquired <a href="https://www.futureflight.aero/news-article/2022-07-27/autonomous-flight-pioneer-xwing-expands-air-cargo-operations-preparation">three air cargo carriers</a>—San Antonio Air Charter, and more recently, Martinaire Aviation and AirPac Airlines—to test its autonomous flight technology in commercial flights with pilots on board. It is providing services under contract to express delivery giant UPS, with a combined fleet of 35 aircraft flying around 400 weekly missions.
Eventually removing that pilot from the cockpit for <a href="https://www.futureflight.aero/news-article/2021-04-15/xwing-achieves-autonomous-gate-gate-operations-test-flight">gate-to-gate operations</a>&nbsp;“could be the beginning of a new industry that makes affordable deliveries to small, overlooked airports all over the country,” Lawrence told the symposium. He joined Xwing from <a href="https://www.futureflight.aero/news-brief/2021-09-03/xwing-seeks-faa-clearance-commercial-remotely-piloted-flights">the FAA</a> in May, where he most recently was executive director of aircraft certification. 
Xwing believes the business case for automating feeder cargo aircraft is strong, partly since going to autonomous operations would allow operators to get higher utilization rates and for the ground-based pilots to log eight-hour shifts without dead time on the road. Currently, with regional cargo,&nbsp;“flights go out for an hour and then they put the pilot in a hotel room for five hours," Lawrence said.&nbsp;"It’s not fun for them and they don’t get a whole lot of flight time. We can take an aircraft that's being used at&nbsp;an average about two and a half hours a day and try to use it more like an airliner—closer to 16 [hours].” 
For now, Xwing is continuing to invest in infrastructure, building a communications and command center to maintain contact with the aircraft and testing various technologies.&nbsp;To date, the company has logged over 150 autonomous flights&nbsp;and 300 auto landings&nbsp;and amassed more than 200 hours of autonomous operations. Flights originate just north of San Francisco in Concord and are approved to operate at a handful of area airports. 
According to Lawrence, Textron Aviation's <a href="https://www.futureflight.aero/news-article/2021-10-12/textron-teams-xwing-bring-autonomous-flight-capability-its-aircraft">Caravan</a> is an ideal aircraft to test the technology. “The aircraft is relatively slow, safe, and stable," he said, adding that "getting all of those systems to work regularly and meet the requirements for certification is definitely a challenge, but it seems to be working well.&nbsp;And another differentiator for us is that we're doing the taxi. We're truly doing gate-to-gate.&nbsp;You have to show up at a UPS facility with a whole lot of other aircraft, park in a certain place, which does change, and get loaded up.”
The aircraft is equipped with light and visual sensors, inertial navigation, and GPS. It has a closed-loop automatic avoidance system and radar on board. “We have to be able to handle non-cooperative aircraft [i.e., those without collision-avoidance systems] and be able to maneuver around them,” Lawrence said. 
As it refines its approach, Xwing continues to focus on hazard avoidance with a combination of technologies. It is developing a triple-redundant flight control system that can be switched on and off to enable crewed flights for maintenance ferrying. This will be fitted to existing aircraft under a supplemental type certificate.
However, despite the promise for air cargo, Lawrence thinks it will be a long time before commercial passenger aircraft fly completely without&nbsp;crews. “As the autonomy advances, it makes the operation safer and more efficient," he said. "But you're still going to have somebody involved. I'm not sure that people are going to be ready for full autonomy except in smaller operations with larger aircraft. The human acceptance piece is going to be a big part of it.” 
While Lawrence believes that commercial airliners could eventually fly with one pilot, he doesn’t think the cabin attendants are dispensable. “Flight attendants are not there just to serve drinks," he said.&nbsp;"They're there for safety reasons.”

Managing Editor

Charles Alcock

Xwing Says Cargo Operations Are the Fast-track to Autonomous Commercial Flights, But Passenger Acceptance Is a Long Way Off

Xwing is reporting rapid growth in both its commercial cargo operations and its workforce as it steps up efforts to gain approval for fully autonomous operations with converted aircraft like the Cessna Grand Caravan.
The company, which is working to introduce autonomous systems for regional cargo flights with no pilot onboard, announced on July 28 that is has acquired Martinaire Aviation, an air cargo carrier based in Dallas. This announcement comes shortly after Xwing’s acquisition of Seattle-headquartered&nbsp;AirPac Airlines, another cargo carrier, as part of a plan to prepare for FAA approval of its autonomous operations.
As the company’s cargo operations continue to grow, so does its workforce. The San Francisco-based startup reported that its staff has tripled to more than 180 employees in the past 12 months. Xwing also confirmed this week&nbsp;that it has received FAA Part 145 certification for two aircraft maintenance facilities in Addison, Texas, and Lansing, Michigan.
Xwing made history in February 2021&nbsp;when it conducted the world’s <a href="https://www.futureflight.aero/news-article/2021-04-15/xwing-achieves-autonomous-gate-gate-operations-test-flight">first fully autonomous gate-to-gate cargo flight</a>. A Cessna 208B Grand Caravan aircraft, adapted with Xwing’s “Superpilot” autonomous flight system, taxied itself from the gate to the runway, took off, landed, and taxied back to its gate with no human intervention, although there was a pilot on board as a backup. A remote crew of pilots also monitored the aircraft from the ground.&nbsp;
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While Xwing has yet to get its autonomous flight system FAA-certified for commercial use, it has been operating commercial cargo flights using unmodified and piloted Cessna Caravan airplanes since 2020, when it received the necessary FAA Part 135 air carrier certification through its acquisition of San Antonio Air Charter. The company is operating its&nbsp;converted Caravan under an experimental certificate for research and development purposes, and those flights are required to have a supervising pilot on board. It&nbsp;is now working to get that experimental aircraft cleared by the FAA to fly commercially.
For now, the company is focused on developing its autonomous flight technology specifically for the Cessna 208B. “But as soon as we get those regulatory approvals, we'll be making this technology available more broadly to other types of [aircraft] platforms,” Xwing CEO and founder Marc Piette told FutureFlight.
Xwing now operates a fleet of 35 aircraft that fly more than 400 commercial flights per week from 58 airports across 14 U.S. states. The company, which has expertise in artificial intelligence and machine learning, says it has completed nearly 10,000 cargo flights to date, in which it has transported more than 4.9 million pounds (2.2 million kg) of cargo over 1 million miles (1.6 million km).&nbsp;
“Our commercial cargo operations are key to our certification approach. When it comes to integrating unmanned aircraft in the airspace, the FAA operational approvals are just as important as certification of the technology on board the aircraft,” Piette said. “Using data gathered from our commercial cargo routes, we can continuously optimize and refine our system end to end&nbsp;and get to the best solution for our customers.”&nbsp;
Xwing’s autonomous flight system utilizes detect-and-avoid sensors that analyze hazards&nbsp;in the air and on the ground, and it includes navigation and control software that manages all aspects of the flight.&nbsp;
Initial piloted flights allow the company “to collect data at scale across all geographies and weather environments,” which not only feeds into the safety plan for the certification of the autonomous technology on board the aircraft but also influences product development, Piette said. “It allows us to close a feedback loop at a rapid pace,” he told FutureFlight. “It also feeds into the training of algorithms, especially machine learning algorithms, whether it be deep neural nets or otherwise because we can collect data across all these routes and all of these operations.”
Eventually, each of Xwing’s remote ground-based operators will be able to manage multiple unpiloted aircraft simultaneously. And without the need for pilots, Xwing says, its aircraft can fly more frequently and efficiently. Xwing’s Superpilot is designed to optimize an aircraft’s flight path to reduce fuel consumption, but it will also reduce the need for what Xwing calls “unproductive” flights, such as when a piloted aircraft must return to its home base without any cargo on board.&nbsp;
Piette did not disclose an estimated timeline for when Xwing might gain FAA certification to begin flying unpiloted commercial cargo deliveries. “We're making a ton of progress, and it's moving out very nicely, but we're not ready [for] a full conforming vehicle to go through certification just yet,” Piette told FutureFlight.

Science & Technology Editor

Hanneke Weitering

Autonomous Flight Pioneer Xwing Expands Air Cargo Operations in Preparation for Pilotless Services

Earl Lawrence, the FAA’s outgoing executive director for certification,&nbsp;is joining the leadership team of Xwing to help the start-up implement its plans to launch autonomous commercial cargo deliveries. On May 26, the company announced his appointment as chief compliance and quality officer.
Through its Part 135 subsidiary, San Antonio Air Charter, Xwing has been operating freight services in a converted Cessna Caravan aircraft as part of preparations to secure FAA clearance to fly its experimental aircraft commercially with a ground-based pilot and safety pilot on board. It has already flown another Caravan autonomously, with a supervising pilot on board, for research and development purposes. Last year, it conducted what it said was the world’s first autonomous gate-to-gate flight of a commercial cargo aircraft.
Lawrence is a long-serving FAA official&nbsp;who was involved in rewriting Part 23 rules to incorporate more flexibility to apply to new aircraft programs and technology. He was also instrumental in establishing regulations to cover uncrewed aerial systems, as well as setting up the FAA’s Unmanned Aircraft Integration Office, which has worked closely with Xwing.
As executive director for certification at the agency, Lawrence&nbsp;led over 1,400 people involved in oversight of all categories of aircraft certification, as well as production and airworthiness approvals.&nbsp;Previously, he was with the Experimental Aircraft Association and also helped establish the ASTM Industry Consensus Standards Committee.
“I was drawn to Xwing because of the company’s pragmatic approach that integrates existing and trusted aircraft with breakthrough autonomous technology,” Lawrence commented. “This approach is not only unique but viable as it enables the efficient creation of autonomous aircraft without requiring manufacturers to reinvent the wheel.”

FAA Certification Leader Joins Autonomous Flight Pioneer Xwing

Textron Aviation is to jointly develop autonomous flight capability for its current and future aircraft under a partnership with Xwing. A&nbsp;non-exclusive agreement signed on October 12 calls for&nbsp;the companies’ engineering teams to develop and certify remote&nbsp;piloting&nbsp;technology for Textron’s Cessna Grand Caravan utility aircraft.
California-based Xwing is already operating a converted Caravan under an experimental certificate for research and development purposes with a supervising pilot on board. In addition, it has commercial operations with Caravans through its Part 135 subsidiary San Antonio Air Charter. It has applied to the FAA for clearance to fly its experimental aircraft commercially with a ground-based pilot and safety pilot on board, and this approval is still in process.
Textron has asked the Xwing team to provide expertise on autonomous flight technology and help it with design and manufacturing work to integrate these systems into existing and new aircraft. In return, the U.S.-based aircraft manufacturer will provide its partner with engineering and certification support. 
The agreement does not specify how Textron and Xwing might jointly market converted and new-build autonomous aircraft. However, Xwing has acknowledged that the partners are discussing this prospect and view strong eCommerce-fueled growth logistics and express delivery air services as a&nbsp;driver for autonomous operations, especially in view of the anticipated pilot shortage.
“The general aviation sector is ripe for new technologies,” commented Textron Aviation senior vice president Chris Hearne. “Textron Aviation has many of the most proven and scalable aviation solutions in the industry, and we are pleased to be the place where innovators like Xwing come for aircraft platforms.”
Xwing recently completed a $40 million funding round. Earlier this year, it&nbsp;carried out what it says was the world’s first autonomous gate-to-gate flight of a commercial cargo aircraft.
“It is an honor to work with Textron Aviation to optimize the next generation of aircraft for autonomous flight,” said Xwing founder and CEO Marc Piette. “Best suited and reliable for the air cargo industry, the Cessna Grand Caravan fleet has accumulated millions of flight hours. We look forward to playing a role in furthering the development of an autonomous aircraft using this platform as we reimagine the potential of autonomous technology within the aviation industry.”
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Textron Teams with Xwing To Bring Autonomous Flight Capability to Its Aircraft

Autonomous flight technology developer Xwing is partnering with satellite communications (satcom) group Inmarsat to provide inflight connectivity to support aircraft operations without a pilot on board. In an October 6 announcement, the two companies said they will develop a dedicated satcom terminal based on Inmarsat’s new Velaris solutions for UAV connectivity.
The terminals will be integrated with aircraft and will be able to access both satellite and terrestrial networks to provide consistent and optimal coverage throughout autonomous flights. Data services to support beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) and command and control (C2) functions will be available via satcom links.
Inmarsat’s Velaris system uses the company’s Elera global satellite network and has been developed to support commercial drone operations. The partnership with Xwing is focused on how this hardware, and its supporting services, can be adapted, integrated, and certified for larger aircraft that are currently piloted.
California-based Xwing recently announced the completion of a $40 million funding round. In September, the company applied for FAA approval to add its Cessna 208B Grand Caravan technology demonstrator aircraft to the Part 135 operations certificate of its subsidiary San Antonio Air Charter. 
If Xwing receives that approval, it would be able to deploy the aircraft on commercial services for one of its cargo customers, taking the scope of the flight trials beyond that covered by its existing experimental certificate. The company intends to convert multiple types of existing aircraft to remotely piloted operations.
“Given that Cessna Caravan aircraft fly long ranges and at higher altitudes, we require C2 solutions for consistent and reliable connections to the plane for our remote operators to control and monitor operations,” explained Xwing founder and CEO Marc Piette. “We are also communicating with air traffic control via the satcom link.”
Xwing emphasized that the proposed commercial operations would be compliant with the same maintenance, training, and other standards as its existing Part 135 flights. It intends to share data and lessons learned from these flights with the FAA to support the agency's FAA Beyond program, which&nbsp;is intended to enable the safe integration of future unmanned systems.
In April, Xwing operated an autonomous gate-to-gate flight, albeit with a pilot on board to oversee the controls. The Grand Caravan taxied from the gate to the runway,&nbsp;took off,&nbsp;and&nbsp;subsequently landed&nbsp;and taxied&nbsp;back to the gate in a fully autonomous operation. 
The ground-based pilot conducted all interactions with air traffic controllers, and he also monitored the flight via data links with multiple redundancies. Xwing is already using Inmarsat’s satcom data services for its flight testing.
“Working with Inmarsat to develop a pioneer command and control solution for the future of flight has been an incredible and rewarding opportunity for our team,” Piette said. “As we inch closer to a future of widespread unmanned flight, it is more important than ever to develop the technology solutions needed to keep autonomous aircraft safe and efficient.”
According to Xwing, the global commercial aviation industry is expected to face shortages of between 34,000 and 50,000 pilots within a few years as demand returns and continues on its growth path following the Covid pandemic. With demand for eCommerce deliveries rising faster than passenger flights, the company views the cargo sector as an early adopter of remotely piloted operations and says that much higher volumes of deliveries could be made more efficiently this way. Last year, Xwing used its technology demonstrator aircraft to deliver Covid vaccines, PPE equipment, and school supplies to the Navajo Nation Reservation in Holbrook, Arizona.
Inmarsat has the world’s most extensive network of mobile satellite communications infrastructure and services, supporting the aviation industry, as well as other sectors such as maritime fleets and governments. Its satellites provide global coverage, supporting the L-band, Ka-band, and S-band spectrums.

Inmarsat and Xwing Adapt Velaris Satcom for Remotely Piloted Operations

Autonomous flight technology pioneer Xwing recently conducted a fully autonomous gate-to-gate operation with its adapted Cessna 208B Grand Caravan aircraft. In a statement issued today, the company reported that the flight was made back in February 2021 from its base at Buchanan Field Airport in Concord, California, with the aircraft being remotely monitored from its mission control center&nbsp;and with a pilot on board as a backup.
The aircraft taxied from the gate to the runway,&nbsp;took off,&nbsp;and&nbsp;subsequently landed&nbsp;and taxied&nbsp;back to the gate in a fully autonomous operation. All interactions with air traffic controllers were conducted by the ground-based pilot who monitored the flight via data links with multiple redundancies.
Xwing announced the successful test on the same day that it completed a funding round that raised an additional $40 million in capital based on a $400 million valuation for the start-up. The round was led by Blackhorn Ventures, which was joined by ACME Capital, Loup Ventures, R7 Partners, Eniac Ventures, Alven Capital, and Array Ventures. It brought total funding so far to $55 million.
“Automating the flight is just the first step—you need to automate everything,” said Xwing founder and CEO Marc Piette, in describing how he sees automation transforming the scope for expanding commercial air cargo services. 
Xwing has been conducting test flights since July 2020 as it prepares to seek approval for operations with its autonomous (non-piloted)&nbsp;Autoflight System, which has been in development for four years. It aims to be cleared to begin autonomous commercial cargo-carrying flights in 2022 on routes of up to 500 miles.
Before the company obtains a full supplemental type certificate (STC) to convert existing aircraft, it intends to obtain an exemption from the FAA to start flying unmanned over sparsely populated areas. The first step to that is to get an exemption to fly commercial services with a safety pilot onboard and, ultimately, with the full STC will come full authorization to operate in any airspace.
Last year, it acquired a small cargo operator based in San Antonio, Texas, to begin initial, piloted operations on a trial basis. It has been making some Covid-19 vaccine deliveries, with the flight costs donated, to the Navajo Nation Native American reservation. The company also is flying for one of the top three U.S. express delivery groups and it intends to expand its route network, exploiting the Caravan’s ability to land at small airfields with a payload of 4,000 pounds.
These flights have allowed it to collect data from its detect-and-avoid sensors to analyze airborne and ground-based hazards to support its efforts to achieve approval for a supplemental type certificate to convert existing aircraft. The system also includes navigation and control software to generate optimal flight paths, interface with ATC, monitor the health of aircraft systems, and deal with operational contingencies.
To help advance the rollout of commercial services with customers, Xwing has recruited Jess Kallman as vice president of commercialization and strategy. He has come from Airbus’s satellite and geospatial technology business, having previously worked with an unmanned systems start-up and before that in the same field with the FAA.
Recently, the company strengthened its engineering team with the addition of Keith Allen, who was formerly the chief engineer for flight controls with Boeing subsidiary Aurora Flight Sciences’ Autonomous Aerial Cargo Utility System, which is&nbsp;based on the UH-1 Huey helicopter and very-long-endurance Orion UAV.
Xwing’s chief technology officer, Maxime Gariel, was previously a pilot and engineer with Rockwell Collins’s Control Group. He has extensive experience working on autonomous aircraft projects, such as leading the flight controls group for the AgustaWestland SW4 Solo autonomous helicopter and DARPA’s Gremlins UAV project. The company is now looking to triple the size of its team.
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Xwing Achieves Autonomous Gate-to-Gate Operations in Test Flight

Bell Textron this week demonstrated its Autonomous Pod Transport 70 (APT 70) vehicle as part of NASA’s Unmanned Aircraft Systems in the National Airspace System program. The flight on September 28&nbsp;was made using detect-and-avoid (DAA) hardware and software developed by autonomous technology specialist Xwing, which is separately advancing plans to certify a Cessna 208B Grand Caravan aircraft for unmanned operations.
Xwing’s DAA system consists of cameras, radars, and satellite-based automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast, with these situational awareness and positioning inputs being integrated by the California-based company’s software. The technology can be used by a ground-based remote pilot or be coupled with an aircraft’s flight-control system to provide automated collision avoidance.
The APT 70 flight, which was conducted in the Dallas-Fort Worth area, marked the first time Bell’s new unmanned vehicle was able to fly in controlled airspace without a pilot. According to Bell and Xwing, a significant portion of the flight was made in Class B airspace, which surrounds major airports and requires authorization and coordination with air traffic control.
The flight took off from Bell's Floyd Carson airfield and flew a 10-mile circuit along the Trinity River at an altitude of 500 feet. According to Bell, the route included a road crossing and transition in and out of Class B airspace. Communication between the ground station and the aircraft was maintained through a redundant datalink.
The Bell and Xwing teams have been working together for two years, and they have previously tested the DAA technology on one of the U.S. manufacturer’s helicopters. Over the summer they transitioned to the APT 70, which has now made several flights, including one during the last week of September to demonstrate full integration for the purposes of the NASA program.
"This successful demonstration highlights the great potential for the APT 70 to complete complex missions for businesses and healthcare providers," said Michael Thacker, Bell's executive vice president for Innovation and Commercial Business.&nbsp;
“The final flight was the first that involved going into Class B airspace and getting authorization from air traffic control,” Xwing chief technology officer Maxime Gariel told FutureFlight. “There was plenty of traffic coming close [to the APT 70].”
Bell’s APT 70 is intended to be used for autonomous operations, such as medical deliveries, third-party logistics, offshore support, and humanitarian relief. The helicopter manufacturer, which is also working on a passenger-carrying eVTOL called Nexus, intends to develop a family of freight-carrying unmanned APT aircraft with a payload eventually as high as 1,000 pounds. The APT 70 can carry 70 pounds up to around 35 miles at speeds of around 125 mph.
Meanwhile, Xwing says it is on track to start freight operations in its modified Grand Caravan aircraft by the end of 2020. The company plans to run a commercial operation on a trial basis for about a year to prove the DAA system as part of its complete Autoflight system, which will also include flight controls.
The Grand Caravan has a payload of 4,000 pounds, and Xwing intends to operate on sectors of between 100 and 500 miles. The company indicated that it may soon announce a launch customer for its trial cargo operations.
“We want to unlock the potential for BVLOS [beyond visual line of sight] flight,” explained Gariel. He said that by running its own flight trials to demonstrate the technology’s performance under different flight conditions, Xwing aims to solve the “chicken and egg” problem in which early adopters are reluctant to take a risk without first seeing evidence that the system will work in real-world conditions.
Initially, Xwing’s system will be used for safety enhancement to improve situational awareness for the Grand Caravan, which will still use its standard avionics suite and have a pilot on board. This gradual approach makes it easier to get FAA approval for the flight trials, and the data gathered will support the certification of the system.
In August, Xwing reported that it had already made more than 70 pilotless takeoffs and landings in the converted Grand Caravan. Subject to FAA approval, the company&nbsp;hopes to begin autonomous operations in&nbsp;early 2022, although these will initially be conducted with an&nbsp;operator on the ground, mainly to handle interactions with air traffic controllers.
The company claims that autonomous flight can resolve what it says is still a growing pilot shortage, while also increasing the productivity of aircraft operators&nbsp;by a factor of three, potentially resulting in cost savings of 20 to 30 percent.
NASA’s Unmanned Aircraft Systems flights in the National Airspace System program started in 2018 when the agency began selecting partners to test the enabling technology. Its goal is to support the safety case for routine autonomous flights for commercial aircraft operations.
The APT 70 trial flights were also supported by the University of Massachusetts Amherst's Center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of Atmosphere, which developed an intuitive, integrated display to provide remote pilots with local weather risk awareness and route-based weather alerts.
&nbsp;

Xwing

News

Xwing Says Cargo Operations Are the Fast-track to Autonomous Commercial Flights, But Passenger Acceptance Is a Long Way Off

Autonomous Flight Pioneer Xwing Expands Air Cargo Operations in Preparation for Pilotless Services

FAA Certification Leader Joins Autonomous Flight Pioneer Xwing

Textron Teams with Xwing To Bring Autonomous Flight Capability to Its Aircraft

Inmarsat and Xwing Adapt Velaris Satcom for Remotely Piloted Operations

Xwing Achieves Autonomous Gate-to-Gate Operations in Test Flight

Bell and Xwing Complete NASA Detect and Avoid Flights with APT 70

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